Sopky a veci súvisiace :: six billion people can be wrong


node:	Sopky a veci súvisiace
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created:	16.11.2004 - 13:14:14
updated:	22.05.2006 - 15:15:32

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SOPKY A VECI SÚVISIACE

Forum o sopkach .. obrazky, informácie .. aktívne i neaktívne .. geologické info vítané .. sopečné výtvory, vyvreté horniny, mapy .. všetko .. prípadne zážitky .. tsunami

Observatóriá a "galérie"
Etna
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
Mount Erebus observatory
Stromboli photos
NordVulk - The Nordic Volcanological Institute

Iné linky
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vw.html - veľmi slušný zoznam sopiek
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes - ďalší zoznam sopiek
volcanoes.com - tu su dalsie linky .. niekedy celkom poucne :)
volcano.si.edu - moja obľúbená stránka, kvalitka
Slovník vulkanologických a geologických výrazov
Krakatoa, mama všetkých výbuchov :)
Článok o stratovulkáne v Yellowstone

poseidon.uprm.edu stranka o tsunami

Vulcano Live aktualitky zo zivota sopiek :)

Decade Volcano
Vulkán Klub

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http://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/n0081-new-eruption-begins-at-highest-volcano-in-eurasia/

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A hole in the ice above Grímsvötn Volcano, Iceland. Formed during the eruption last year. Image from NASA's Advanced Land Imager aboard EO-1 on June 13, 2012.

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Jón Frímann volcano and earthquake blog
cropped-Grimsv%C3%B6tn_August_2011.jpg

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http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery.asp?catid=10

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kompletna seria tu: http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/03/undersea_eruptions_near_tonga.html

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I came to this world with nothing
and I leave with nothing but love
everything else is just borrowed

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V nedeľu 1.apríla postihlo Šalamúnove ostrovy v Tichom oceáne zemetrasenie 8. stupňa Richterovej stupnice a spôsobilo tsunami.
Viac:
earthquake.usgs.gov

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http://www.sme.sk/c/3227788/La-Reunion-pod-lavou.html

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Mount Pelé
sopkana ostrove Martinique, ktorá v roku 1902 zničila celé mesto Saint-Pierre

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výskum podmorských erupcií
podmorský plameň

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4 hlavne typy sopiek

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pozostatok z greckeho ostrova Santorini..
posledná erupcia v roku 1950.
Predpokladá sa, že mohutná erupcia v roku 1650 pnl spôsobila zánik mínojskej kultúry.

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Už niekoľko dní trvajú erupcie na Merapi, jednej z najaktívnejších sopiek Indonézie. Merapi je 2911 m vysoký stratovulkán v strednej Jáve, jeho vrchol je neustále sa rozrastajúca lávová "čiapočka" bez vegetácie. Časté pyroklastické toky zdevastovali populáciu pod sopkou.

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24 novembra nad ránom vybuchla kolumbijská sopka Galeras a vyprodukovala sopečnýprach, ktorý zasypal niekoľko miest.

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Santa Ana, najvyššia sopka Salvádoru, je masívny 2381 m vysoký stratovulkán, ktorého vrchol je znížený sériou 4 centrických kráterov. Jej erupcie sa zaznamenávajú už od 16. storočia.

Sírou pokryté steny vrchného krátera Santa Any. Termálna aktivita je bežná počas neeruptívnych období a môže trva? mnoho tisíc rokov. Okrem fumarolickej aktivity na tejto fotke, interakcia horúcich vulkanických plynov (a kvapalín) s povrchovou vodou môže vytvori? gejzíry, bazény s horúcou vodou a bazény s bahnom.

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Volcano news: SNET reported a significant increase in seismic activity at Santa Ana (also called Ilamatepec) on the night of 27 August. As a safety measure, access to the volcano's crater was restricted to visitors.

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Novinky (mesiac stare, ale bol som na dovolenke :)): Podla INETER-u, erupcia sopky Concepcion na ostrove Ometepe nad ranom 28. jula pokryla sopecnym popolom niekolko miest. Seizmicke otrasy boli zaznamenane na stanici severne od sopky, avsak zemetrasenie vasej magnitudy sa nevyskytlo. V poobednajsich hodinach spad popolceka takmer/uplne prestal, no plynne emisie pokracovali aj nadalej. Pocas erupcii nebol nikto zraneny.

Volcán Concepción is one of Nicaragua's highest (1700? m) and most active volcanoes. The symmetrical basaltic-to-dacitic stratovolcano forms the NW half of the dumbbell-shaped island of Ometepe in Lake Nicaragua and is connected to neighboring Madera volcano by a narrow isthmus. A steep-walled summit crater is 250 m deep and has a higher western rim. N-S-trending fractures on the flanks of the volcano have produced chains of spatter cones, cinder cones, lava domes, and maars located on the NW, NE, SE, and southern sides extending in some cases down to Lake Nicaragua. Concepción was constructed above a basement of lake sediments, and the modern cone grew above a largely buried caldera, a small remnant of which forms a break in slope about halfway up the north flank. Frequent explosive eruptions during the past half century have increased the height of the summit significantly above that shown on current topographic maps and have kept the upper part of the volcano unvegetated.

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28.maja zaznamenala indicka pobrezna hliadka zaciatok erupcie na ostrove Barren. Pocas erupcie na severozapadnom svahu vyvrhovana cierna lava nedosiahla more.

Barren Island

Barren Island, a possession of India in the Andaman Sea about 135 km NE of Port Blair in the Andaman Islands, is the only historically active volcano along the N-S-trending volcanic arc extending between Sumatra and Burma (Myanmar). The 354-m-high island is the emergent summit of a volcano that rises from a depth of about 2250 m. The small, uninhabited 3-km-wide island contains a roughly 2-km-wide caldera with walls 250-350 m high. The caldera, which is open to the sea on the west, was created during a major explosive eruption in the late Pleistocene that produced pyroclastic-flow and -surge deposits. The morphology of a fresh pyroclastic cone that was constructed in the center of the caldera has varied during the course of historical eruptions. Lava flows fill much of the caldera floor and have reached the sea along the western coast during eruptions in the 19th century and more recently in 1991 and 1995

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Najvyssia sopka Slnecnej sustavy: 27 km (podla inych zdrojov 24, alebo 26) vysoky Olympus Mons je priblizne 550 km siroky. Na Marse sa vyskytuje viacero takychto velikanov z dovodu nizkej gravitacie a pomalych tektonickych pohybov

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Novinky: Rano 13. maja zacali erupcie sopky na ostrove Fernandina (Galapágy). Na obrazkoch z druzic (skusim zohnat:) vidiet velky oblak smerujuci na severozapad. 14. maja tím pozorovatelov preletel ponad sopku a pozoroval velky oblak dymu. Krater nebolo vidiet. Lavove prudy stekaju po juhozapadnych a juznych svahoch, rychlo tak zdolavajuc najstrmsie casti. Lava pretekajuca uzemiami pokrytymi vegetaciou sposobuje male poziare.
volcano.si.edu

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The SW side of Tristan da Cunha volcano rises above the southern Atlantic seas. The 2060-m-high summit cone towers above high cliffs that bound most sides of the 13-km-wide island. Lava flows dominate both the low-angle base and the steep upper flanks, although pyroclastic cones ringing the central cone are scattered around the lower flanks. The only historical eruption on Tristan da Cunha (until 2004) occurred during 1961 from a northshore vent and forced the evacuation of the island's only settlement.

During 2004 an earthquake swarm on 29-30 July was followed by floating pumice.

For more information about earthquake of magnitude of 4.2 and following seismic activity on 29 July 2004 click here

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News: Eruptive activity at Karthala beginning on 17 April consisted of heightened seismicity, and gas and ash emissions. Hundreds of villagers who lived near the volcano evacuated. Flights to the island were cancelled. Scientists found that lava was confined to the bottom of the summit crater. Activity subsided around 19 April, with ash emissions ceasing. On the 19th, residents began to return to their homes and flights to the island resumed.

More info:
The southernmost and largest of the two shield volcanoes forming Grand Comore Island (also known as Ngazidja), Karthala contains a 3 x 4 km summit caldera generated by repeated collapse. Elongated rift zones extend to the NNW and SE from the summit of the Hawaiian-style basaltic shield, which has an asymmetrical profile that is steeper to the south. The lower SE rift zone forms the Massif du Badjini, a peninsula at the SE tip of the island. Historical eruptions have modified the morphology of the compound, irregular summit caldera. More than twenty eruptions have been recorded since the 19th century from both summit and flank vents. Many lava flows have reached the sea on both sides of the island, including during many 19th century eruptions from the summit caldera and vents on the northern and southern flanks. An 1860 lava flow from the summit caldera reached the western coast north of the capital city of Moroni.
(src: volcano.si.edu)

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Ambrym, a large basaltic volcano with a 12-km-wide caldera, is one of the most active volcanoes of the New Hebrides arc. A thick, almost exclusively pyroclastic sequence, initially dacitic, then basaltic, overlies lava flows of a pre-caldera shield volcano. The caldera was formed during a major plinian eruption with dacitic pyroclastic flows about 1900 years ago. Post-caldera eruptions, primarily from Marum and Benbow cones, have partially filled the caldera floor and produced lava flows that ponded on the caldera floor or overflowed through gaps in the caldera rim. Post-caldera eruptions have also formed a series of scoria cones and maars along a fissure system oriented ENE-WSW. Eruptions have apparently occurred almost yearly during historical time from cones within the caldera or from flank vents. However, from 1850 to 1950, reporting was mostly limited to extra-caldera eruptions that would have affected local populations. (source: volcano.si.edu)

Ambrym Volcano (Vanuatu)
16.25 S, 168.12 E, summit elevation 1334 m, Pyroclastic Shield Volcano
Wednesday 20th April 2005
Ambrym volcano has produced the strongest point source of sulfur dioxide on the planet for the first months of 2005. The volcano has been erupting in a more destructive manner than usual for the past year, and producing high sulfur dioxide emissions for at least six months. During the first ten days of March 2005, data collected by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA’s Aura satellite showed high concentrations of sulfur dioxide drifting northwest from the volcano. Visual observations of the volcano at the end of March by John Seach recorded a strong night glow at Benbow, and the sound of bubbling lava could be heard deep in the crater, accompanied by continuous light-brown ash emissions. The volcano still poses a hazard to the local population with ashfall and acid rain affecting food crops and drinking water. During January 2005 many residents were burnt from acid rain and required medical assistance. Report by John Seach.
(source : volcanolive)

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viac tu (decade volcano)

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nieco o tsunami - je tu aj pdf o tom, ako decembrove tsunami z indonezie doslo az k pobreziu portorika (sice len niekolko cm vlna, ale predsa)
http://poseidon.uprm.edu/

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viac o sopke Ambrym: /id/1590101

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Conchagua

Výška: 1225 m

Conchagua sa týči nad piesčitou plážou pri zálive Fonesca na juhovýchode Salvádoru. Tento 1225 m vysoký stratovulkán má kužeľovitý profil, ktorý už je však dos? zerodovaný. Východný vrchol - Cerro de la Bandera, ktorý je zobrazený na obrázku z pohľadu od Punta el Chiquirín vyzreá by? relatívne "mladý". Táto sopka je málo preskúmaná a javí len malú aktivitu. Historické záznamy sa ukazujú by? chybné, pravdepodobne ide o posuny spôsobeneé zemetraseniami. (?)

Izalco

Výška: 1950 m
Rok poslednej erupcie: 1966

Volcán de Izalco, najmladšia zo salvádorských sopiek, vznikla roku 1770 na južnom výbežku sopky Santa Ana. Časté strombolské erupcie využívali námorníci na orientáciu, preto bola sopka známa aj pod menom El Faro - "maják Pacifiku". Počas dvoch storočí, až po ukončenie aktivity v roku 1966, sopka vytvorila 650 m vysoký stratovulkán s 250 m širokým kráterom na vrchu. Izalco bola jedna z najaktívnejších sopiek Severnej Ameriky - jej svahy riedko pokryté vegetáciou ostro kontrastujú s okolitými zalesnenými sopkami. Bazalticko-andezitové pyroklasty i láva z Izalca sú geochemicky odlišné od Santa Any. Lávové prúdy stekali smerom na juh po svahoch Santa Any - až 7 kilometrov od Izalca.

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Most of the volcanoes in the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula form a continuous arc with a shared history and tectonic setting. Actually, the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World organizers should probably have combined these at the start as Region 09 and used 10 for the volcanoes of mainland Asia, but few if any inland volcanoes were recognized at the time. The original Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World grouping was "Kamchatka and Manchuria," but by the time of publication (1958) this had been widened to "Kamchatka and continental areas of Asia." Nevertheless, only five mainland volcanoes were listed in that catalog, as opposed to 30 here; an increase exceeded only by the gains in Region 12 (Western US and Canada).

Russian explorers reached Siberia's Pacific coast in 1637, and the Kamchatka Peninsula by 1697, also the year of its first eruption report (on Kliuchevskoi, the region's most vigorous volcano). Two other Kamchatkan volcanoes erupted in the 17th century, Mutnovsky and Koshelev, but the first historical eruptions from the Kuril Islands were early in the 18th. Peter the Great's epic exploring expedition, led by Vitus Bering from 1733 to 1742, mapped the east coast of Kamchatka, and La Perouse explored the Kurils by sea in 1787. The Kurils have been contested by Japan and Russia, and Japan held the islands from 1875 to the end of WW-II. Heavy colonization of Kamchatka began early in the 19th century, and in 1904 the Trans-Siberian Railroad opened, linking Europe to Vladivostok (and China). Of Kamchatka's 607 historical eruptions, 95% have been in the last two centuries (and 71% in the 20th).

As with the rest of the NW Pacific, subduction of the Pacific Plate has produced the vigorous explosive volcanism of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc, but tensional volcanism dominates the mainland part of the region. The Baikal rift, for example, includes young basaltic cinder cones as well as the world's deepest lake.

The contrast between Kamchatka and the mainland remains strong in the timing of historical volcanism, with that on the Asian mainland having begun early but been infrequent in recent centuries. Six volcanoes had erupted by 1697, the year of the first historical Kamchatkan eruption (the first being the Tianshan Group in the 1st century AD, followed by Datong in the 5th century). We are hopeful that more work with the detailed chronicles of mainland Asia will further illuminate the volcanic history of this region. One of the world's largest Holocene eruptions took place at Baitoushan on the China/Korea border, in the 11th century AD. Mainland Asia's most recent eruptions are Wudalianchi, in 1719-21, and the Kunlun group in 1951.

The Kurils and Kamchatka are sparsely populated and among the four smallest Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World regions. The Kamchatka peninsula holds 454,800 people (63% in the city of Petropavlovsk) and the Kurils 29,800 (83% in the three southern islands of Kunishir, Iturup, and Urup). The addition of mainland Asia, however, makes Region 10 easily the most heavily populated, and (with the possible exception of Antarctica) the largest.

Regular monitoring of Kamchatkan volcanoes began in 1935 when the Kamchatka Volcanological Station was founded in Petropavlovsk. This grew into the Institute of Volcanology, the largest in the world, and was split into the IV and the IVGG in 1991. Observation of Kuril volcanoes is largely done by the Institute of Volcanology and Geodynamics in Sakhalin.

Region 10 has the largest number of undated Holocene volcanoes (105), and is second only to South America in total number of Holocene volcanoes (194). Kamchatka easily leads the world in the number of eruptions (247) dated by tephrochronology and/or radiocarbon, and in the number of big (VEI >= 4) BC eruptions (21?). No other region has a higher proportion of eruptions characterized as explosive (86%). Kamchatka also has the largest number of shield volcanoes (48), mostly in the Sredinny Range on the peninsula's western side, and very nearly as many volcanoes consisting primarily of cinder cones (17) as Region 12.

From Simkin and Siebert, 1994.

Výber : Prevo, Aconupuri, Ušišur, Ivan Groznyj a Medvežia

viac tu: http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=09&rpage=list

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Galapagy
Ecuador - "najrovnikovejsia" sopka na svete :) - necele 2 km od rovnika
Wolf
Santa Cruz
Santiago
Alcedo

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Volcano News: An eruption at Manam during the evening of 27 January was more severe than other eruptions that have occurred during the current eruptive period. Debris from the eruption was voluminous and widespread on the island. The Rabaul Volcano Observatory's monitoring base at Warisi village was completely destroyed by a possible pyroclastic flow, preventing RVO from providing information on the current level of activity. One person was killed by volcanic activity, and about 14 people living in Warisi village were injured.

zdroj: volcano.si.edu

Large eruption on 28th January. Ash to 60,000 ft.
Volcano observatory destroyed.

zdroj volcanolive.com

Manam:
http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/manam.html
http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0501-02=

datumy erupcii: http://www.volcanolive.com/manam1.html

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kazdy kto chcel si uz nasiel info, ale aj tak sem dam mapu zemetrasenia a nasledneho tsunami:
http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-news/26-12-2004-indonesia.html

a niekolko dalsich sprav:
http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_slav_ts.html
aftershock map
animation

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